Técnicas de análise avançadas usadas em estudos de conservação de obras de arte

A revista Accounts of Chemical Research, volume 43, n.º 6, de 2010, que acabou de ser publicada, é um número especial que tem como título: Advanced Techniques in Art Conservation.

Os artigos estão aqui [acesso condicionado].

Índice:

• Brunetto Giovanni Brunetti, Antonio Sgamellotti, Andrew J. Clark, Advanced Techniques in Art Conservation, pp. 693-694

• Rodorico Giorgi, Michele Baglioni, Debora Berti, Piero Baglioni, New Methodologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Micellar Solutions, Microemulsions, and Hydroxide Nanoparticles, pp. 695-704

• Marine Cotte, Jean Susini, Joris Dik, Koen Janssens, Synchrotron-Based X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Art Conservation: Looking Back and Looking Forward, pp. 705-714

• Maria Perla Colombini, Alessia Andreotti, Ilaria Bonaduce, Francesca Modugno, Erika Ribechini, Analytical Strategies for Characterizing Organic Paint Media Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, pp. 715-727

• Costanza Miliani, Francesca Rosi, Brunetto Giovanni Brunetti, Antonio Sgamellotti, In Situ Noninvasive Study of Artworks: The MOLAB Multitechnique Approach, pp. 728-738

• Salvatore Siano, Renzo Salimbeni, Advances in Laser Cleaning of Artwork and Objects of Historical Interest: The Optimized Pulse Duration Approach, pp. 739-750

• Emiliano Carretti, Massimo Bonini, Luigi Dei, Barbara H. Berrie, Lora V. Angelova, Piero Baglioni, Richard G. Weiss, New Frontiers in Materials Science for Art Conservation: Responsive Gels and Beyond, pp. 751-760

• Bernhard Blu¨mich, Federico Casanova, Juan Perlo, Federica Presciutti, Chiara Anselmi, Brenda Doherty, Noninvasive Testing of Art and Cultural Heritage by Mobile NMR†, pp. 761-770

• Paraskevi Pouli, Alexandros Selimis, Savas Georgiou, Costas Fotakis, Recent Studies of Laser Science in Paintings Conservation and Research, pp. 771-781

• Francesca Casadio, Marco Leona, John R. Lombardi, Richard Van Duyne, Identification of Organic Colorants in Fibers, Paints, and Glazes by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, pp. 782-791

• S. Prati, E. Joseph, G. Sciutto, R. Mazzeo, New Advances in the Application of FTIR Microscopy and Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Artistic Materials, pp. 792-801

• Simona Fantacci, Anna Amat, Antonio Sgamellotti, Computational Chemistry Meets Cultural Heritage: Challenges and Perspectives, pp. 802-813

• K. Janssens, J. Dik, M. Cotte, J. Susini, Photon-Based Techniques for Nondestructive Subsurface Analysis of Painted Cultural Heritage Artifacts, pp. 814-825

• Piotr Targowski, Magdalena Iwanicka, Ludmila Tymin´ska-Widmer, Marcin Sylwestrzak, Ewa A. Kwiatkowska, Structural Examination of Easel Paintings with Optical Coherence Tomography, pp. 826-836

• Aldo Romani, Catia Clementi, Costanza Miliani, Gianna Favaro, Fluorescence Spectroscopy: A Powerful Technique for the Noninvasive Characterization of Artwork, pp. 837-846

• Claudia Daffara, Enrico Pampaloni, Luca Pezzati, Marco Barucci, Raffaella Fontana, Scanning Multispectral IR Reflectography SMIRR: An Advanced Tool for Art Diagnostics, pp. 847-856

• Maria J. Melo, Ana Claro, Bright Light: Microspectrofluorimetry for the Characterization of Lake Pigments and Dyes in Works of Art, pp. 857-866

• Laura Cartechini, Manuela Vagnini, Melissa Palmieri, Lucia Pitzurra, Tommaso Mello, Joy Mazurek, Giacomo Chiari, Immunodetection of Proteins in Ancient Paint Media, pp. 867-876

• Sophia Sotiropoulou, Sister Daniilia, Material Aspects of Icons. A Review on Physicochemical Studies of Greek Icons, pp. 877-887

• Michael Schilling, Michel Bouchard, Herant Khanjian, Tom Learner, Alan Phenix, Rachel Rivenc, Application of Chemical and Thermal Analysis Methods for Studying Cellulose Ester Plastics, pp. 888-896

• Rosa M. Espinosa-Marzal, George W. Scherer, Advances in Understanding Damage by Salt Crystallization, pp. 897-905

• Yoshihiro Kusano, Minoru Fukuhara, Jun Takada, Akira Doi, Yasunori Ikeda, Mikio Takano, Science in the Art of the Master Bizen Potter, pp. 906-915

• Michael Melcher, Rita Wiesinger, Manfred Schreiner, Degradation of Glass Artifacts: Application of Modern Surface Analytical Techniques, pp. 916-926

• Annemie Adriaens, Mark Dowsett, The Coordinated Use of Synchrotron Spectroelectrochemistry for Corrosion Studies on Heritage Metals, pp. 927-935

• Fuwei Yang, Bingjian Zhang, Qinglin Ma, Study of Sticky Rice-Lime Mortar Technology for the Restoration of Historical Masonry Construction, pp. 936-944

Actas de Seminário de Investigação em Museologia

Acabou de serem publicados e livremente disponibilizados online os dois volumes de actas do Seminário de Investigação em Museologia dos Países de Língua Portuguesa e Espanhola que decorreu no Porto, em finais de 2009, organizado pelo Departamento de Ciências e Técnicas do Património da Faculdade de Letras:

Alice Semedo, Elisa Noronha Nascimento (ed.), Actas do I Seminário de Investigação em Museologia dos Países de Língua Portuguesa e Espanhola, Porto, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, 2010, 2 volumes.

Os dois volumes estão aqui.

International Journal of Architectural Heritage, vol. 4, n.º 4, 2010

Acabou de ser publicado a revista International Journal of Architectural Heritage, volume 4, n.º 4, de 2010.

Está disponível online aqui [com acesso condicionado].

Índice:

• Anna-Maria Vissilia, Maria Villi, Adobe and Timber Ties as Main Construction Materials for an Historic Greek Dwelling, pp. 295- 319

• Enrico Quagliarini, Marco D'Orazio, Light Vaults With Frescoes or Stuccoes Strengthened by Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) — the Role of the Reinforcement on Intrados Strains: First Experimental Data, pp. 320- 336

• Elisa Adorni, Giampiero Venturelli, Mortars and Stones of the Damascus Citadel (Syria), pp. 337- 350

• Mary J. Thornbush, Photographic Surveys of Building Exteriors in Central Oxford, UK, pp. 351- 369

Dicionários de materiais e técnicas de bens culturais em espanhol

              

Quatro dicionários em castelhano sobre materiais e técnicas de bens culturais, elaborados com o objectivo de servirem de apoio à descrição e catalogação das obras dos museus espanhóis, estão há pouco disponíveis online com acesso livre. São os seguintes:

• Carmen Padilla, Ruth Maicas, Paloma Cabrera, Diccionario de Materiales Cerámicos, Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura, 2002.

• Sofá Reodríguez Bernis, Diccionario de Mobiliario, Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura, 2006.

• Stefanos K. Kroustallis, Diccionario de Materias y Técnicas (I. Materias), Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura, 2008.

• Carmen Marcos Alonso, Paloma Otero Morán, Paula Grañeda Miñón, Carmen Alfaro Asins, Diccionario de Numismática, Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura, 2009.

Estão aqui.

A microbiologia e o património cultural

Acabou de ser publicado o seguinte livro:

Ralph Mitchell, Christopher J. Mcnamara (ed.), Cultural Heritage Microbiology. Fundamental Studies in Conservation Science, Washington, ASM Press, 2010.

Índice:

• Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez, Painted Materials, p. 3

• Orio Ciferri, Microbial Degradation of Paintings, p. 15

• A. Gorbushina, K. Petersen, Distribution of Microorganisms on Ancient Wall Paintings as Related to Associated Faunal Elements, p. 23

• Claudia Schabereiter-Gurtner, Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez, Guadalupe Piñar, Werner Lubitz, Sabine Rölleke, Altamira Cave Paleolithic Paintings Harbor Partly Unknown Bacterial Communities, p. 31

• Fabiola Bastian, Claude Alabouvette, Valme Jurado, Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez, Impact of Biocide Treatments on the Bacterial Communities of the Lascaux Cave, p. 37

• Francesca Cappitelli, Claudia Sorlini, Paper and Manuscripts, p. 45

• Fausta Gallo, Aerobiological Research and Problems in Libraries, p. 61

• Mary-Lou E. Florian, The Role of the Conidia of Fungi in Fox Spots, p. 75

• Astrid Michaelsen, Flavia Pinzari, Katrin Ripka, Werner Lubitz, Guadalupe Piñar, Application of Molecular Techniques for Identification of Fungal Communities Colonising Paper Material, p. 85

• Paul Garside, Textiles, p. 97

• E. E. Peacock, Biodegradation and Characterization of Water-Degraded Archaeological Textiles Created for Conservation Research, p. 111

• Annamaria Seves, Maria Romanò, Tullia Maifreni, Silvio Sora, Orio Ciferri, The Microbial Degradation of Silk: a Laboratory Investigation, p. 123

• M. Breuker, C. McNamara, L. Young, T. Perry, A. Young, R. Mitchell, Fungal Growth on Synthetic Cloth from Apollo Spacesuits, p. 133

• O. M. A. Abdel-Kareem, The Long-Term Effect of Selected Conservation Materials Used in the Treatment of Museum Artefacts on Some Properties of Textiles, p. 141

• Francesca Cappitelli, Synthetic Polymers, p. 153

• Javier Garcia-Guinea, Victor Cárdenes, Angel T. Martínez, Maria Jesús Martínez, Fungal Bioturbation Paths in a Compact Disk, p. 167

• Francesca Cappitelli, Pamela Principi, Claudia Sorlini, Biodeterioration of Modern Materials in Contemporary Collections: Can Biotechnology Help?, p. 171

• Robert A. Blanchette, Microbial Degradation of Wood from Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments, p. 179

• Robert A. Blanchette, A Review of Microbial Deterioration Found in Archaeological Wood from Different Environments, p. 191

• Yvonne Fors, Thomas Nilsson, Emiliana Damian Risberg, Magnus Sandström, Peter Torssander, Sulfur Accumulation in Pinewood (Pinus sylvestris) Induced by Bacteria in a Simulated Seabed Environment: Implications for Marine Archaeological Wood and Fossil Fuels, p. 207

• Eric May, Stone Biodeterioration, p. 221

• W. Sand, E. Bock, Biodeterioration of Mineral Materials by Microorganisms-Biogenic Sulfuric and Nitric Acid Corrosion of Concrete and Natural Stone, p. 235

• Saiz-Jimenez, Deposition of Anthropogenic Compounds on Monuments and Their Effect on Airborne Microorganisms, p. 245

• Sophia Papida, William Murphy, Eric May, Enhancement of Physical Weathering of Building Stones by Microbial Populations, p. 261

• Christopher J. McNamara, Thomas D. Perry IV, Kristen A. Bearce, Guillermo Hernandez-Duque, Ralph Mitchell, Epilithic and Endolithic Bacterial Communities in Limestone from a Maya Archaeological Site, p. 275

• Claudia Sorlini, Giancarlo Ranalli, Elisabeta Zanardini, Stone Bioconservation, p. 291

• Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro, Manuel Rodriguez-Gallego, Koutar Ben Chekroun, Maria Teresa Gonzalez-Muñoz, Conservation of Ornamental Stone by Myxococcus xanthus-Induced Carbonate Biomineralization, p. 305

• Francesca Cappitelli, Lucia Toniolo, Antonio Sansonetti, Davide Gulotta, Giancarlo Ranalli, Elisabetta Zanardini, Claudia Sorlini, Advantages of Using Microbial Technology over Traditional Chemical Technology in Removal of Black Crusts from Stone Surfaces of Historical Monuments, p. 317

Os capítulos que têm início nas páginas 15 e 97 estão livremente disponíveis aqui e aqui, respectivamente.

Radiação de sincrotrão aplicada ao estudo da arte e à arqueologia

A revista Applied Physics A - Materials Science & Processing acabou de publicar um número que parcialmente é dedicado ao tema seguinte: Synchrotron Radiation Applied to Art and Archaeology. Trata-se do volume 99, número 2, de 2010.

Índice:

• Duran, J. Castaing, P. Walter, X-ray diffraction studies of Pompeian wall paintings using synchrotron radiation and dedicated laboratory made systems, pp. 333-340

• F. Mirambet, S. Reguer, E. Rocca, S. Hollner, D. Testemale, A complementary set of electrochemical and X-ray synchrotron techniques to determine the passivation mechanism of iron treated in a new corrosion inhibitor solution specifically developed for the preservation of metallic artefacts, pp. 341-349

• M. Rodrigues, M. Schreiner, M. Mäder, M. Melcher, M. Guerra, J. Salomon, M. Radtke, M. Alram, N. Schindel, The hoard of Beçin—non-destructive analysis of the silver coins, pp. 351-356

• M. Figueiredo, T. Silva, J. Veiga, The blue of iron in mineral pigments: a Fe K-edge XANES study of vivianite, pp. 357-361

• Lluveras, S. Boularand, A. Andreotti, M. Vendrell-Saz, Degradation of azurite in mural paintings: distribution of copper carbonate, chlorides and oxalates by SRFTIR, pp. 363-375

• J. Chamón, P. Gutierrez, J. Barrio, A. Climent-Font, M. Arroyo, Study of medieval enamelling on gilded objects combining SEM-EDAX and PIXE, pp. 377-381

• Bogdan Constantinescu, Angela Vasilescu, Martin Radtke, Uwe Reinholz, Micro-SR-XRF studies for archaeological gold identification—the case of Carpathian gold and Romanian museal objects, pp. 383-389

• L. Herrera, A. Justo, A. Duran, M. de Haro, M. Franquelo, J. Perez Rodríguez, Identification of cellulose fibres belonging to Spanish cultural heritage using synchrotron high resolution X-ray diffraction, pp. 391-398

• J. Monnier, S. Réguer, D. Vantelon, P. Dillmann, D. Neff, I. Guillot, X-rays absorption study on medieval corrosion layers for the understanding of very long-term indoor atmospheric iron corrosion, pp. 399-406

• T. Pradell, J. Molera, N. Salvadó, A. Labrador, Synchrotron radiation micro-XRD in the study of glaze technology, pp. 407-417

• Y. Leon, P. Sciau, P. Goudeau, N. Tamura, S. Webb, A. Mehta, The nature of marbled Terra Sigillata slips: a combined µXRF and µXRD investigation, pp. 419-425

Os artigos estão disponíveis aqui [acesso condicionado].

Obras de Ernst Berger sobre as fontes da história técnica da arte

Algumas das publicações sobre as fontes da história técnica da arte, entre as quais a sua edição do famoso manuscrito de Theodore de Mayernne, estão livremente disponíveis online:

• Quellen für Maltechnik Während der Renaissance und deren Folgezeit (XVI.-XVIII. Jahrhundert) in Italien, Spanien, den Niederlanden, Deutschland, Frankreich und England nebst dem de Mayerne Manuskript, 1901

• Die Maltechnik des Altertums, Nach Den Quellen, Funden, Chemischen Analysen Und Eigenen Versuchen, 1904

• Fresko- und Sgraffito-Technik nach Älteren und Neueren Quellen, 1909

• Quellen und Technik der Fresko-, Oel- und Tempera-Malerei des Mittelalters, 1912

A 1.ª e a 3.ª estão aqui; a 2.ª e a 4.ª aqui;

Sobre Ernst Berger pode-se ver uma breve nota biográfica aqui.

O uso da espectrometria de fluorescência de raios no estudo de peças de museus

A seguinte tese de doutoramento está com acesso livre aqui:

Lisha Deming Glinsman, The Application of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to the Study of Museum Objects, Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2004.

Índice:

• X-ray Fluorescence in the Museum Field

• Understanding Alfred Stieglitz' Platinum and Palladium Prints: Examination by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

• An Investigation of Renaissance Casting Practices as a Means for Identifying Forgeries

• A Multivariate Analysis of Renaissance Portrait Medals: An Expanded Nomenclature

• Renaissance Portrait Medals by Matteo de'Pasti: A Study of Their Casting Practices

Protecção de esculturas em bronze no exterior

A seguinte tese de doutoramento está livremente acessível aqui:

Lynnn Beth Brostoff, Coating Strategies for the Protection of Outdoor Bronze Art and Ornamentation, Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2003.

Índice:

• The problem of protecting bronze in outdoor exposures

• Performance of 29 coatings on two types of copper alloy substrates

• Performance of five coatings on four types of copper alloy substrates

• Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of select coatings on bronze

• Chemical characterization of the bulk coating and the metal/coating interface

• The role of benzotriazole (BTA) in bronze protection

• Summary and concluding remarks

Uso da tomografia de raios X no estudo da pedra utilizada em edifícios

A seguinte tese de doutoramento está livremente disponível aqui:

Veerle Cnudde, Exploring the Potential of X-ray Tomography as a New Non-destructive Research Tool in Conservation Studies of Natural Building Stones, Ghent, Ghent University, 2005.

Resumo:

The mean purpose of this study was primarily the exploration of the possibilities of the non-destructive X-ray micro-CT technique in the domain of conservation and restoration of natural building stones. Special attention was paid to more specific topics like visualization of conservation products inside natural building stones, determination of porosity and pore-size distribution of scanned samples and monitoring of artificial weathering processes. Additionally the influence of conservation products on the original properties of stone material was also studied. High-speed neutron tomography was introduced as a new non-destructive visualisation technique and tested for its potential in fluid-flow research inside building materials.

A encolagem de gelatina e o seu impacto na degradação da celulose do papel

A seguinte tese de doutoramento está livremente disponível aqui:

Anne-Laurencee Dupont, Gelatine Sizing of Paper and Its Impact on the Degradation of Cellulose During Aging. A Study Using Size-exclusion Chromotography, Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2003.

Resumo:

The issue of permanence and durability of paper is one of the major concerns in cellulose research and paper conservation. From the perspective of conservation research, the understanding of the long-lasting properties of paper begins with the investigation of the characteristics of papers in good physical condition that have best survived the passage of time. In European papermaking history, this is the case with early papers, which for the most part, present far better state of conservation than papers of more recent origins. Several facets that could explain the longevity and stability of paper have been investigated in the past, but one that has been largely neglected to date is the process of sizing. Papers dating from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries, in addition to having been fabricated from good quality fibres which partly explains their durability, have also inn common that they were sized almost systematically with gelatine. The present study is dedicated to the investigation of the role of gelatine in pure cellulose paper. The research is approached mainly from the angle of polymer chemistry. The impact of gelatine sizing upon aging on the molecules of cellulose, and the changes incurred by varying the sizing material are studied. The analytical technique selected is size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), which is employed in the characterisation of both cellulose and the gelatine, and in thee investigation of their degradation upon aging. Model papers were fabricated for this purpose, but the study also includes the characterisation of naturally aged papers.

Identificação de aminoácidos por cromatografia gasosa e estudo de um ícone

A seguinte tese de mestrado foi agora livremente disponibilizada online:

Maria Vaz Pinto d’ Avillez, Part I : Comparing derivatization methods for amino acids – one and two-step procedures using gas chromatography – flame ion detector (GC-FID) Part II: Story of an icon from its execution until its conservation, Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2008.

Está aqui.

Resumo:

Two derivatization methods were tested in twenty-one standard amino acids (AAs) for further identification and quantification by the analytical technique of Gas Chromatography with Flame Ion Detector (GC-FID). For the one-step derivatization reaction N-methyl-N (tert.- butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) was used and for the two-step reaction we used hydrochloridic acid (HCl) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). We obtained better results with the derivatization procedure in two-steps, although it takes longer, and we concluded that the reproducibility of these reactions is difficult to achieve.

Análise de uma pintura atribuída a Van Eyck

A seguinte dissertação de mestrado está livremente acessível aqui:

Hugh Hudson, Re-examining Van Eyck: a New Analysis of the Ince Hall Virgin and Child, Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, 2001.

Resumo:

The Ince Hall Virgin and child is a painting of the Virgin and Child in an interior that was attributed to Jan van Eyck by the leading historians of early Netherlandish art from 1854 to 1956. Between 1956 and 1959 the work was subject to a technical and art historical analysis in Europe, in the re-classification of the work as a copy by a follower of Van Eyck, and possibly a forgery. Subsequently, a number of art historians have suggested that not even the composition of the work is Eyckian, and that the work is a pastiche based on Van Eyck’s paintings. Nevertheless, some authors have doubted the arguments for these reattributions. Some authors maintain the attributions to Van Eyck, and others suggest that the work may be a copy. This thesis is the first comprehensive critical reappraisal of the scientific and art historical analysis to be conducted.

In the first chapter it examines the provenance and bibliography of the work.

In the second chapter it examines published and unpublished documents relating to the technical analysis found in Melbourne, Brussels, London and Amsterdam, which have been brought together for the first time. It also contains an interpretation of the work’s infrared reflectography that was produced, for the first time, for this thesis. It is argued that, contrary to the 1950's analysis, there is no technical impediment to an attribution of the work to Van Eyck. Furthermore, technical analysis reveals numerous correspondences to Van Eyck’s works, in the pigments, paint layer structures, underdrawing style and pentimenti.

In the third chapter the relationship of the execution, composition and iconography to Van Eyck’s paintings is discussed. It is argued that the execution, composition and iconography are closely related to Van Eyck’s works.

In the fourth chapter the attribution of the work as an original painting of Van Eyck, a copy, a pastiche or a forgery is discussed. It is concluded that the balance of the available evidence suggests the attribution of the work to Van Eyck, or his studio, is justifiable. The possibility that the work is a free copy is not excluded, but is undermined by the numerous correspondences to Van Eyck’s materials and technique and its relationship to the versions of the composition by other artists.

Análise de pigmentos maias

A seguinte tese de doutoramento está livremente disponível aqui.

Rosemary Anne Goodall, Spectroscopic Studies of Maya Pigments, Brisbane, Queensland University of Technology, 2007.

Resumo:

The Maya of Central America developed a complex society: among their many achievements they developed a writing system, complex calendar and were prolific builders. The buildings of their large urban centres, such as Copan in Honduras, were decorated with painted stucco, moulded masks, carving and elaborate murals, using a range of coloured pigments. In this study the paints used on the buildings of Copan and some ceramic sherds have been investigated, non-destructively, using micro-Raman spectroscopy, micro-ATR infrared spectroscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (ESEM-EDX) and FTIR-ATR imaging spectroscopy. The paint samples come from four buildings and one tomb covering three time periods in the four hundred year history of Copan. The main pigment used in the red paint on these samples was identified as haematite, and the stucco as a mixture of calcite particles dispersed throughout a calcite-based lime wash stucco. The composition and physical nature of the stucco changed through time, indicating a refining of production techniques over this period. A range of minor mineral components have been identified in each of the samples including rutile, quartz, clay and carbon. The presence and proportion of these and other minerals differed in each sample, leading to unique mineral signatures for the paint from each time period. Green and grey paints have also been identified on one of the buildings, the Rosalila Temple. The green pigment was identified as a celadonite-based green earth, and the grey pigment as a mixture of carbon and muscovite. The combination of carbon and mica to create a reflective paint is a novel finding in Maya archaeology. The high spatial resolution of the micro-FTIR-ATR spectral imaging system has been used to resolve individual particles in tomb wall paint and to identify their mineralogy from their spectra. This system has been used in combination with micro-Raman spectroscopy and ESEM-EDX mapping to characterize the paint, which was found to be a mixture of haematite and silicate particles, with minor amounts of calcite, carbon and magnetite particles, in a sub-micron haematite and calcite matrix. The blending of a high percentage of silicate particles into the haematite pigment is unique the tomb sample. The stucco in this tomb wall paint has finely ground carbon dispersed throughout the top layer providing a dark base for the paint layer. Changing paint mixtures and stucco composition were found to correlate with changes in paint processing techniques and building construction methods over the four hundred years of site occupation.

Identificação de pigmentos por espectroscopia de infravermelho

Acabou de ser disponibilizada online a seguinte tese de doutoramento:

Signe Vahur, Expanding the Possibilities of ATR-FT-IR Spectroscopy in Determination of Inorganic Pigments, Tartu, University of Tartu, 2010.

Está aqui.

Resumo:

The present work focused on expanding the possibilities and usefulness of micro-ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy in identification of different inorganic pigments in historic artefacts. Most of the pigments used historically in paintings and other artefacts are inorganic compounds. ATR-FT-IR has found limited use for determination of inorganic pigments, because the mid-IR (4000–400 cm^–1) region of the IR spectrum of many of them is not characteristic enough and also there are many pigments that either do not absorb in that region at all (oxides, sulphides, etc) or have absorptions that are at the low wavenumber end of that region and are not characteristic enough for pigment identification. So, many pigment materials absorb IR radiation in the far-IR region (below 500 cm^–1). In contrast to the mid-IR region the far-IR region has traditionally been significantly less accessible for routine IR spectroscopic measurements. However, recent advances in instrument design have brought the wavenumber range below 500 cm^–1 well within reach of commercial FT-IR equipment. Nevertheless, this wavenumber region has up to now found almost no use in investigation of historic artefacts. In this dissertation 47 most widespread inorganic red, white, yellow, blue, green, brown and black pigments were examined. An analytical method for determination and identification of these inorganic pigments in paint layers by micro-ATR-FT-IR using the wavenumber region of 550–230 cm^–1 was developed. The advantages and limitations of the ATR-FT-IR and developed analytical method of the analysis of inorganic pigments in the low wavenumber were discussed. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the inorganic pigment identification possibilities using ATR-FT-IR as well as a collection of reference spectra in the low wavenumber range (550-230 cm^-1) and is expected to be a useful reference material for conservation practitioners and material scientists. The usefulness of ATR-FT-IR in the region of 550-230 cm^-1 for identification of inorganic pigments is demonstrated by 5 case studies on art objects (several of them are important in Estonian history).

Pedra natural para os monumentos históricos

Foi há pouco publicado o seguinte livro:

Richard Prikryl, Ákos Török (ed.), Natural Stone Resources for Historical Monuments, London, The Geological Society, 2010.

Índice:

• Richard Prikryl, Akos Torok, Natural stones for monuments: their availability for restoration and evaluation, pp. 1-9

• Heiner Siedel, Alveolar weathering of Cretaceous building sandstones on monuments in Saxony, Germany, pp. 11-23

• Gilles Fronteau, Celine Schneider-Thomachot, Edith Chopin, Vincent Barbin, Dominique Mouze, Andre Pascal, Black-crust growth and interaction with underlying limestone microfacies, pp. 25-34

• Matthieu Angeli, Ronan Hebert, Beatriz Menendez, Christian David, Jean-Philippe Bigas, Influence of temperature and salt concentration on the salt weathering of a sedimentary stone with sodium sulphate, pp. 35-42

• Swe Yu, Chiaki T. Oguchi, Is sodium sulphate invariably effective in destroying any type of rock?, pp. 43-58

• Chiaki T. Oguchi, Hayato Yuasa, Simultaneous wetting/drying, freeze/thaw and salt crystallization experiments of three types of Oya tuff, pp. 59-72

• Stephanie Gillhuber, Gerhard Lehrberger, Jurgen Goske, Fire damage of trachyte: investigations of the Tepla monastery building stones, pp. 73-79

• Dolores Pereira, Mercedes Peinado, Mariano Yenes, Serafin Monterrubio, Jose Nespereira, Jose Antonio Blanco, Serpentinites from Cabo Ortegal (Galicia, Spain): a search for correct use as ornamental stones, pp. 81-85

• Stephen McCabe, Bernard J. Smith, Patricia A. Warke, A legacy of mistreatment: conceptualizing the decay of medieval sandstones in NE Ireland, pp. 87-100

• Miguel Gomez-Heras, Bernard J. Smith, Heather A. Viles, Oxford stone revisited: causes and consequences of diversity in building limestone used in the historic centre of Oxford, England, pp. 101-110

• Kevin Beck, Muzahim Al-Mukhtar, Evaluation of the compatibility of building limestones from salt crystallization experiments, pp. 111-118

• Timo G. Nijland, Van Hees, Rob P. J., Laura Bolondi, Evaluation of three Italian tuffs (Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, Tufo Romano and Tufo Etrusco) as compatible replacement stone for Romer tuff in Dutch built cultural heritage, pp. 119-127

• Gioacchino F. Andriani, Nicola Walsh, Petrophysical and mechanical properties of soft and porous building rocks used in Apulian monuments (south Italy), pp. 129-141

• Michael Unterwurzacher, Ulrich Obojes, Roland Hofer, Peter W. Mirwald, Petrophysical properties of selected Quaternary building stones in western Austria, pp. 143-152

• Carlos Figueiredo, Rita Folha, Antonio Mauricio, Carlos Alves, Luis Aires-Barros, Contribution to the technological characterization of two widely used Portuguese dimension stones: the 'Semi-rijo' and 'Moca Creme' stones, pp. 153-163

• Marek Laho, Christoph Franzen, Rudolf Holzer, Peter W. Mirwald, Pore and hygric properties of porous limestones: a case study from Bratislava, Slovakia, pp. 165-174

• Aneta Stastna, Jan Jehlicka, Richard Prikryl, Raman spectra of reduced carbonaceous matter as a tool for determining the provenance of marbles: examples of 'graphitic' marbles from Czech quarries, pp. 175-183

• Lisa Cooke, The 19th century Corsi collection of decorative stones: a resource for the 21st century?, pp. 185-195

• Anna Frangipane, Working for an electronic database of historical stone resources in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy), pp. 197-209

• Hana Kampfova, Richard Prikryl, Electronic database of historical natural stones of the Czech Republic: structuring field and laboratory data, pp. 211-217

• Francesco Allocca, Domenico Calcaterra, Gabriella Calicchio, Piergiulio Cappelletti, Abner Colella, Alessio Langella, Maurizio de' Gennaro, Ornamental stones in the cultural heritage of Campania region (southern Italy): the Vitulano marbles, pp. 219-231

A pedra calcária e o seu uso no património edificado

Foi há pouco publicado o seguinte livro:

B. J. Smith, M. Gomez-Heras, H. A. Viles, J. Cassar (ed.), Limestone in the Built Environment: Present-Day Challenges for the Preservation of the Past, London, The Geological Society, 2010.

Índice:

• Bernard J. Smith, Miguel Gomez-heras, Heather A. Viles, Underlying issues on the selection, use and conservation of building limestone, pp. 1-11

• Joann Cassar, The use of limestone in a historic context - the experience of Malta, pp. 13-25

• Jose P. Calvo, Manuel Regueiro, Carbonate rocks in the Mediterranean region - from classical to innovative uses of building stone, pp. 27-35

• Siegfried Siegesmund, Wolf-Dieter Grimm, Helmut Durrast, Joerg Ruedrich, Limestones in Germany used as building stones: an overview, pp. 37-59

• R. M. Espinosa-Marzal, G. W. Scherer, Mechanisms of damage by salt, pp. 61-77

• Ana Z. Miller, Nuno Leal, Leonila Laiz, Miguel A. Rogerio-Candelera, Rui J. C. Silva, Amelia Dionisio, Maria F. Macedo, Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez, Primary bioreceptivity of limestones used in southern European monuments, pp. 79-92

• E. Ruiz-Agudo, C. Rodriguez-Navarro, Suppression of salt weathering of porous limestone by borax-induced promotion of sodium and magnesium sulphate crystallization, pp. 93-102

• K. Beck, M. Al-Mukhtar, Weathering effects in an urban environment: a case study of tuffeau, a French porous limestone, pp. 103-111

• M. A. Stefanidou, Approaches to the problem of limestone replacement in Greece, pp. 113-117

• Kara R. Dotter, Historic lime mortars: potential effects of local climate on the evolution of binder morphology and composition, pp. 119-126

• Ioannou, M. F. Petrou, R. Fournari, A. Andreou, C. Hadjigeorgiou, B. Tsikouras, K. Hatzipanagiotou, Crushed limestone as an aggregate in concrete production: the Cyprus case, pp. 127-135

• Kevin Beck, Xavier Brunetaud, Jean-Didier Mertz, Muzahim Al-Mukhtar, On the use of eggshell lime and tuffeau powder to formulate an appropriate mortar for restoration purposes, pp. 137-145

• Z. Papay, A. Torok, Physical changes of porous Hungarian limestones related to silicic acid ester consolidant treatments, pp. 147-155

• C. Figueiredo, R. Folha, A. Mauricio, C. Alves, L. Aires-Barros, Pore structure and durability of Portuguese limestones: a case study, pp. 157-169

• C. Vazquez-Calvo, M. J. Varas, M. Alvarez De Buergo, R. Fort, Limestone on the 'Don Pedro I' facade in the Real Alcazar compound, Seville, Spain, pp. 171-182

• C. Figueiredo, L. Aires-Barros, M. J. Neto, The church of Santa Engracia (the National Pantheon, Lisbon, Portugal): building campaigns, conservation works, stones and pathologies, pp. 183-193

• O. Buj, J. Gisbert, B. Franco, N. Mateos, B. Bauluz, Decay of the Campanile limestone used as building material in Tudela Cathedral (Navarra, Spain), pp. 195-202

• S. Rescic, F. Fratini, P. Tiano, On-site evaluation of the 'mechanical' properties of Maastricht limestone and their relationship with the physical characteristics, pp. 203-208

• D. E. Searle, D. J. Mitchell, The effect of combustion-derived particulates on the short-term modification of temperature and moisture loss from Portland Limestone, pp. 209-218

• Derek Mottershead, Paul Farres, Alastair Pearson, The changing Maltese soil environment: evidence from the ancient cart tracks at San Pawl Tat-Targa, Naxxar, pp. 219-229

• Mary J. Thornbush, Measurements of soiling and colour change using outdoor rephotography and image processing in Adobe Photoshop along the southern facade of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, pp. 231-236

• O. Sass, H. A. Viles, Two-dimensional resistivity surveys of the moisture content of historic limestone walls in Oxford, UK: implications for understanding catastrophic stone deterioration, pp. 237-249

Conservation Perspectives - The GCI Newsletter, vol. 25, n.º 1, 2010

Já há alguns dias que foi publicado o 1.º número de 2010 da revista Conservation Perspectives - The GCI Newsletter. Está livremente disponível aqui.

Índice:

• Karen Trentelman, Collections Research: A Combined Approach to the Study of Works of Art, p. 5

• Marco Leona, Collections Research: Research at the Interface of Science and Art, p. 8

• Katherine Eremin, Marc Walton, Collaborations in Archaeological Science: Analysis of Glass from Nuzi, Mesopotamia, p. 10

• Christine Sciacca, Catherine Schmidt Patterson, Examining the Connections: Collaborative Research of Early Renaissance Workshop Practice, p. 13

• David Carson, Giacomo Chiari, New Technologies in the Service of Cultural Heritage, p. 16

e-Conservation, n.º 14, 2010

Há poucos dias ficou livremente disponível online a revista e-Conservation, n.º 14, de 2010. Está aqui.

Além das habituais secções de notícias e recensões, contém os seguintes artigos:

• Cornelia Sãvescu, Dinu Sãvescu, Conservation-Restoration Interventions in Extreme Cases. Improving the Structural Resistance of Wood Damaged by Biological Attack, p. 30

• Lino García, Pilar Montero Vilar, The Challenges of Digital Art Preservation, p. 43

• Frederico Henriques, Ana Bailão, Miguel Garcia, The Conservation-Restoration of the "Charola" Paintings of the Convent of Christ in Tomar, p. 54

• Élia Roldão, Luís Pavão, The Conservation and Preservation of a Photographic Print. The "Panoramic View of Constantinople", p. 70

Conservação de uma obra de alta costura

Foi há pouco colocada online a seguinte tese de mestrado:

Marta Teixeira Vieira, O Casaco Dourado de Jean Paul Gaultier (n.1952-): Conservação de Alta Costura (MUDE - Colecção Francisco Capelo), Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2009.

Está livremente disponível aqui.

Resumo:

Pretendeu-se com esta investigação conservar o casaco dourado de alta costura criado por Jean Paul Gaultier (Arcueil, n.1952), que faz parte da colecção Francisco Capelo, actualmente integrada no MUDE – Museu do Design e da Moda (Lisboa, Portugal). Para conservar esta obra realizou-se um estudo histórico-técnico-artístico procurando preservar os valores e funcionalidade da obra. Este é um estudo inovador na conservação de têxteis contemporâneos dado que esta é uma obra complexa de grande singularidade e composta por uma grande diversidade material e procurou-se conhecer os materiais, a intenção criativa de Gaultier e os processos de degradação da sua obra. Para tal, recolheu-se informação sobre o casaco e a alta costura do criador em inquéritos à Casa Gaultier (Paris), entrevista ao coleccionador, através de contactos com diversos museus internacionais, e recorrendo a bibliografia e vídeos sobre os desfiles do criador. O estudo do casaco e das causas da sua degradação requereu uma caracterização material detalhada, para a qual se recorreu a diversas técnicas de exame e análise como a microscopia óptica (M.O), radiografia, a µ-EDXRF, a espectroscopia de FTIR, a HPLC-DAD-MS e ainda ICP-AES, o que permitiu delinear um plano de conservação adequado. Este plano incluiu medidas de conservação preventiva do casaco, a consolidação de elementos decorativos e o estudo de possíveis filmes protectores para a peça, testando nano filamentos de silicone e revestimentos de sílica produzidos pelo método sol-gel. O estudo aqui apresentado permitiu minimizar a perda de elementos decorativos da obra e testar formas de reduzir a degradação futura do forro. Permitiu ainda obter filmes hidro-repelentes e bastante homogéneos que poderão ser uma protecção futura adequada para o casaco, sendo apenas necessário testar a longevidade dos filmes obtidos em réplicas para garantir a conservação a longo prazo da obra.